Oil well treatment



United States Patent 40 Claims. (Cl. 252-855) This application is a division of our application Ser. No. 47,386, filed August 4, 1960, now US. Patent No. 3,200,106, gnanted on August 10, 1965.

This invention relates to branched polyalkylene polyamines and to derivatives thereof. More particularly, this invention relates to said branched polyamines and to branched polyamine derivatives containing various groups, such as the oxyalkylated, acylated, alkylated, carbonylated, olefinated, etc., derivatives thereof, prepared by introducing such groups individually, alternately, in combination, etc., including for example, derivatives prepared by varying the order of adding such groups, by increasing the number and order of adding such groups, and the like.

This invention also relates to methods of using these products, which have an unexpectedly broad spectrum of uses, for example, as demulsifiers for Water-in-oil emulsions; as deniulsifiers for oil-in-water emulsions; as corrosion inhibitors; as fuel oil additives for gasoline, diesel fuel, jet fuel, and the like; as lubricating oil additives; as scale preventatives; as chelating agents or to form chelates which are themselves useful, for example, as antioxidants, gasoline stabilizers, fungicides, etc.; as flotation agents, for example, as flotation collection agents; as asphalt additives or anti-stripping agents for asphaltmineral aggregate compositions; as additives for compositi-ons useful in acidizing calcareous stratas of oil wells; as additives for treating water used in the secondary recovery of oil and in disposal wells; as additives used in treating oil-well strata in primary oil recovery to enhance the flow of oil; as emulsifiers for both oil-inwater and Water-in-oil emulsions; as additives for slushing oils; as additives for cutting oils; as additives for oil to prevent emulsification during transport; as additives for drilling muds; as agents useful in removing mud sheaths from newly drilled wells; as dehazing or foginhibiting agents for fuels; as additives for preparing sand or mineral slurries useful in treating oil wells to enhance the recovery of oil; as agents for producing polymeric emulsions useful in preparing water-vapor impermeable paper board; as agents in parafiin solvents; as agents in preparing thickened silica aerogel lubricants; as gasoline additives to remove copperstherefrom; as deicing and antistalling agents for gasoline; as antiseptic, preservative, bactericidal, bacteriostatic, germicidal, fungicidal agents; as agents for the textile industry, for example, as mercerizing assistants, as Wetting agents, as rewetting agents, as dispersing agents, as detergents, as penetrating agents, as softening agents, as dyeing assistants, as anti-static agents, and the like; as additives for rubber latices; as entraining agents for concrete and cements; as anti-static agents for rugs, floors, upholstery, plastic and Wax polishes, textiles, etc; as detergents useful in metal cleaners, in floor oils, in, dry cleaning, in general cleaning, and the like; as agents useful in leather processes such as in flat liquoring, pickling, acid degreasing, dye fixing, and the like; as agents in metal pickling; as additives in paints for improved adhesion of primers, in preventing water-spotting in lacquer; as antiskinners for pigment flushing, grinding and dispersing, as antifeathering agents in ink; as agents in the preparation of wood pulp and pulp slurries, as emulsifiers for insecticidal compositions and agricultural sprays such as DDT,

24-D (Toxaphene), chlordane, nicotine sulfate, hexachloracyclohexane, and the like; as agents useful in building materials, for example, in the water repellent treatment of plaster, concrete, cement, roofing materials, floor sealers; as additives in bonding agents for various insulating building materials; and the like.

THE BRANCHED POLYAMINE The branched polyamines employed herein are polyalkylene polyamines wherein the branched group is a side chain containing on the average at least one nitrogen-bonded aminoalkylene i.e.

RN RNH:

I NH: y

wherein R is an alkylene group such as ethylene, propylene, butylene and other homologues (both straight chained and branched), etc., but preferably ethylene; and x, y and z are integers, x being for example, from 4 to 24 or more but preferably 6 to 18, y being for example 1 to 6 or more but preferably 1 to 3, and z being for example 0-6 but preferably 0-1. The x and y units may be sequential, alternative, orderly or randomly distributed.

The preferred class of polyamines includes those of the where n is an integer, for example, 1-20 or more but preferably l-3, wherein R is preferably ethylene, but may be propylene, butylene, etc. (straight chained or branched).

The preferred embodiments are presented by the following formula:

The radicals in the brackets may be joined in a headto-head or a head-to-tail fashion. Compounds described by this formula wherein 12:1-3 are manufactured and sold as Polyamines N-400, N-800, N-1200 etc. Polyamine N-400 has the above formula wherein n=1.

These compounds may be prepared by a wide variety of methods. One method comprises the reaction of ethanolamine and ammonia under pressure over a fixed bed of a metal hydrogenation catalyst. By controlling the conditions of this reaction one may obtain varying amounts of piperazine and polyamines as well as the branched chain polyalkylene polyamine useful in this invention. This process is described in Australian application No. 42,189, now Australian Patent No. 233,766, and in the German Patent No. 14,480 (March 17, 1958) reported in Chem. Abstracts, August 10, 1949, 14,129.

These branched polyamines can also be prepared by the following reactions:

1-2 hours or longer, one can in many cases recover a second mole of water for each mole of carboxylic acid group employed, the first mole of water being evolved during amidification. The product formed in such cases contains a cyclic amidine ring, such as an imidazoline or a tetrahydropyrimidine ring. Infrared analysis is a convenient method of determining the presence of these groups.

Water is formed as a by-product of the reaction between the acylating agent and the branched polyamine reactant. In order to facilitate the removal of this water, to effect a more complete reaction in accordance with the principle of Le Chatelier, a hydrocarbon solvent which forms an azeotropic mixture with water can be added to the reaction mixture. Heating is continued with the liquid reaction mixture at the preferred reaction temperature, until the removal of water by azeotropic distillation has substantially ceased. In general, any hydro- C II:

Variations on the above procedure can produce other branched polyamines.

The branched nature of the polyamine imparts unusual properties to the polyamine and its derivatives.

For the sake of brevity and to simplify presentation, the invention will be described by the selection of one branched polyamine to illustrate the reactions and uses thereof (i.e. N-400). However, it is to be understood that such presentation is purely for illustration and the invention should not be limited thereto.

ACYLATION A wide variety of acylating agents can be employed. Acylation is carried out under dehydrating condition, i.e., water is removed. Any of the well-known methods of acylation can be employed. For example, heat alone, heat and reduced pressure, heat in combination with an azeotroping agent, etc., are all satisfactory.

The temperature at which the reaction between the acylating agent and the branched polyalkylenepolyamine is etfected is not too critical a factor. Since the reactions involved appear to be an amide-formation reaction and a condensation reaction, the general temperature conditions for such reactions, which are well known to those skilled in the art, are applicable.

Acylation is conducted at a temperature suficiently high to eliminate water and below the pyrolytic point of the reactants and the reaction products. In general, the reaction is carried out at a temperature of from 120 to 280 C., but preferably at 140 to 200 C.

The product formed on acylation will vary with the particular conditions employed. First the salt, then the amide is formed. If, however, after forming the amide at a temperature between 140-250 C., but usually not above 200 C., one heats such products at a higher range, approximately 250-280 C., or higher, possibly up to 300 C. for a suitable period of time, for example,

carbon solvent which forms an azeotropic mixture with water can be used. It is preferred, however, to use an aromatic hydrocarbon solvent of the benzene series. Nonlimiting examples of the preferred solvent are benzene, toluene, and xylene. The amount of solvent used is a variable and non-critical factor. It is dependent on the size of the reaction vessel and the reaction temperature selected. Accordingly, a sufiicient amount of solvent must be used to support the azeotropic distillation, but a large excess must be avoided since the reaction temperature will be lowered thereby. Water produced by the reaction can also be removed by operating under reduced pressure. When operating with a reaction vessel equipped with a reflux condenser provided with a water takeoff trap, suificient reduced pressure can be achieved by applying a slight vacuum to the upper end of the condenser. The pressure inside the system is usually reduced to between about 50 and about 300 millimeters. If desired, the water can be removed also by distillation, while operating under relatively high temperature conditions.

The time of reaction between the acylating agent and the branched polyamine reactant is dependent on the weight of the charge, the reaction temperature selected, and the means employed for removing the water from the reaction mixture. In practice, the reaction is continued until the formation of water has substantially ceased. In general, the time of reaction Will vary between about 4 hours and about ten hours.

Although a wide variety of carboxylic acids produce excellent products, carboxylic acids having more than 6 carbon atoms and less than 40 carbon atoms but preferably 8-30 carbon atoms give most advantageous products. The most common examples include the detergent forming acids, i.e., those acids which combine with alkalies to produce soap or soap-like bodies. The detergentforming acids, in turn, include naturally-occurring fatty acids, resin acids, such as abietic acid, naturally occurring petroleum acids, such as naphthenic acids, and carboxy acids, produced by the oxidation of petroleum. As will be subsequently indicated, there are other acids which have somewhat similar characteristics and are derived from somewhat different sources and are difierent in structure, but can be included in the broad generic term previously indicated.

Suitable acids include straight chain and branched chain, saturated and unsaturated, aliphatic, alicyclic, fatty, aromatic, hydroaromatic, and aralkyl acids, etc.

Examples of saturated aliphatic monocarboxylic acids are acetic, proprionic, butyric, valeric, capr-oic, heptanoic, caprylic, nonanoic, capric, undecanoic, lauric, tridecanoic, myriatic, pentadecanoic, palmitic, heptadecanoic, stearic, nonadecanoic, eicosanoic, heneicosanoic, docosanoic, tricosanoic, tetracosanoic, pentacosanoic, cerotic, heptacm sanoic, montanic, nonacosanoic, melissic and the like.

Examples of ethylenic unsaturated aliphatic acids are acrylic, methacrylic, crotonic, anglic, teglic, the pentenoic acids, the hexenoic acids, for example, hydrosorbic acid, the heptenoic acids, the octenoic acids, the nonenoic acids, the decenoic acids, for example, obtusilic acid, the undecenoic acids, the dodecenoic acids, for example, lauroleic, linderic, etc., the tridecenoic acids, the tetradecenoic acids, for example, myristoleic acid, the pentadecenoic acids, the hexadecenoic acids, for example, palmitoleic acid, the heptadecenoic acids, the octodecenoic acids, for example, petrosilenic acid, oleic acid, elardic acid, the nonadecenoic acids, for example, the eicosenoic acids, the docosenoic acids, for example, erucic acid, brassidic acid, cetoleic acid, the tetr-adosenic acids, and the like.

Examples of dienoic acids are the pentadienoic acids, the hexadienoic acids, for example, sorbic acid, the octadienoic acids, for example, linoleic, and the like.

Examples of the trienoic acids are the octadecatrienoic acids, tor example, linolenic acid, eleostearic acid, pseudoeleostearic acid, and the like.

Carboxylic acids containing functional groups such as hydroxy groups can be employed. Hydroxy acids, particularly the alpha hydroxy acids include glycolic acid, lactic acid, the hydroxyvalen'c acids, the hydroxy caproic acids, the hydroxyheptanoic acids, the hydroxy caprylic acids, 'the hydroxynonanoic acids, the hydroxycapric acids, the hydroxydecanoic acids, the hydroxy lauric acids, the hydroxy tridecanoic acids, the hydroxymyr-istic acids, the hydroxypentadecanoic acids, the hydroxypalmitic acids, the hydroxyhexadecanoic acids, the hydroxyheptadecanoic acids, the hydroxy stearic acids, the hydroxyoctadecenoic acids, for example, ricinoleic acid, ricinelardic acid, hydroxyoctadecynoic acids, for example, ricinstearolic acid, the hydroxyeicosan'oic acids, for example, hydroxyarachidic acid, the hydroxydocosanoic acids, for example, hydroxybehenic acid, and the like.

Examples of acetylated hydroxyacids are ricinoleyl lactic acid, acetyl ricinoleic acid, chloroacetyl ricinoleic acid, and the like.

Examples of the cyclic aliphatic carboxylic acids are those found in petroleum called naphthenic acids, hydrocarbic and chaumoogric acids, cyclopentane carboxylic acids, cyclohexanecanboxylic acid, campholic acid, tenchlolic acids, and the like.

Examples of aromatic monocarboxylic acids are benzoic acid, substituted benzoic acids, for example, the toluic acids, the xyleneic acids, alkoxy benzoic acid,

phenyl benzoic acid, naphthalene carboxylic acid, and

Fatty and similar acids include those derived from various waxes, such as beeswax, sperrnaceti, montan wax, Japan wax, coccerin and carn-auba wax. Such acids include carnaubic acid, cerotic acid, lacceric acid, montanic acid, psyllas-tearic acid, etc. One may also employ higher molecular weight carboxylic acids derived by oxidation and other methods, such as from paraffin wax, petroleum and similar hydrocarbons; resinic and hydroaromatic acids, such as hexahydrobenzoic acid, hydrogenated naphthoic, hydrogenated carboxy diphenyl, naphthenic, and abietic acid; Twitchell fatty acids, carboxydiphenyl pyridine carboxylic acid, blown oils, blown oil fatty acids and the like.

Other suitable acids include phenylstearic acid, benzoylnonylic acid, cetyloxybutyric acid, cetyloxyacetic acid, chlorstearic acid, etc.

Examples of the polycanboxylic acids are those Otf the aliphatic series, for example, oxalic, malonic, succinic, glutaric, adipic, pimelic, suberic, azelaic, sebacic, nonanedicarboxylic acid, decanedicarboxylic acids, undecanedicarboxylic acids, and the like.

Examples of unsaturated aliphatic polycarboxylic acids are fumaric, maleic, mesocenic, citraconic, glutonic, itaconic, muconic, aconitic acids, and the like.

Examples of aromatic polycarboxylic acids are phthalic, isophthalic acids, terephthalic acids, substituted derivatives thereof (e.g. alkyl, chloro, alkoxy, etc., derivatives), biphenyldicarb-oxylic acid, diphenylether dicanboxylic acids, d-iphenylsulfone dicarboxylic acids and the like.

Higher aromatic polycar-boxylic acids containing more than two carboxylic groups are himimellitic, trimellitic, trimesic, mellophanic, prehnitic, pyromellitic acids, mellitic acid, and the like.

Other polycarboxyl-ic acids are the dimeric, trimeric, and polymeric acids, for example, dilinoleic, trilino'leic, and other pclyacids sold by Emery Industries, and the like. Other polycanboxylic acids include those containing ether groups, for example, diglycolic acid. Mixtures of the above acids can be advantageously employed.

In addition, acid precursors such as acid anhydrides, esters, acid halides, glycerides, etc., can be employed in place of the free acid.

Examples of acid anhydrides are the alkenyl succinic acid anhydrides.

Any alkenyl succinic acid anhydride or the corresponding acid is utilizable [for the production of the reaction products of the present invention. The general structural formulae of these compounds are:

Anhydride B-CH-O Acid OH /OH CHz-C wherein R is an alkenyl radical. The alkenyl radical can be straight-chain or branched-chain; and it can be saturated at the point of unsaturation by the addition of a substance which adds to olefinic double bonds, such as hydrogen, sulfur, bromine, chlorine, or iodine. It is obvious, of course, that there must be at least two carbon atoms in the alkenyl radical, but there is no real upper limit to the number of carbon atoms therein. However, it is preferred to use an alkenyl succinic acid anhydride reactant having between about 8 and about 18 carbon atoms per alkenyl radical. Although their use is less desirable, the alkenyl succinic acids also react, in accordance with this invention, to produce satisfactory reaction products. It has been found, however, that their use necessitates the removal of water formed during the reaction and also often causes undesirable side reactions to occur to some extent. Nevertheless, the alkenyl succinic acid anhydrides and the alkenyl succinic acids are interchangeable for the purposes of the present invention. Accordingly, when the term alkenyl succinic acid anhydride, is used herein, it must be clearly understood that it embraces the alkenyl succinic acids as well as their anhydrides, and the derivatives thereof in which the olefinic double bond has been saturated as set forth hereinbefore. Non-limiting examples of the alkenyl succinic acid anhydride reactant are ethenyl succinic acid anhydrides; ethenyl succinic acid; ethyl succinic acid anhydride; propenyl succinic acid anhydride; sulfurized propenyl succinic acid anhydride; butenyl succinic acid; 2-methylbutenyl succinic acid anhydride; 1,2-dichloropentyl succinic acid anhydride; hexenyl succinic acid anhydride; hexyl succinic acid; sulfurized B-methylpentenyl succinic acid anhydride; 2,3-dimethylbutenyl succinic acid anhydride; 3,3-dimethylbutenyl succinic acid; 1,2-dibromo-2-ethylbutyl succinic acid; heptenyl succinic acid anhydride; 1,2-diiodooctyl succinic acid; octenyl succinic acid anhydride; 2-methyl-heptenyl succinic acid anhydride; 4-ethylhexenyl succinic acid; Z-isopropylpentenyl succinic acid anhydride; nonenyl succinic acid anhydride; 2-propylhexenyl succinic acid anhydride; decenyl succinic acid; decenyl succinic acid anhydride; 5-methyl-2-isopropylhexenyl succinic acid anhydride; 1,2-dibromo-2-ethyloctenyl succinic acid anhydride; decyl succinic acid anhydride; undecenyl succinic acid anhydride; 1,2dichloroundecyl succinic acid anhydride; 1,2-dichloro-undecyl succinic acid; 3-ethyl-2-t-butylpentenyl succinic acid anhydride; dodecenyl succinic acid anhydride; dodecenyl succinic acid; 2-propylnonenyl succinic acid anhydride; 3-butyloctenyl succinic acid anhydride; tridecenyl succinic acid anhydride; tetradecenyl succinic acid anhydride; hexadecenyl succinic acid anhydride; sulfurized octadecenyl succinic acid; octadecyl succinic acid anhydride; 1,2-dibromo-2-methylpentadecenyl succinic acid anhydride; 8-propylpentadecyl succinic acid anhydride; eicosenyl succinic acid anhydride; l,2-dichloro-2-methylnonadecenyl succinic acid anhydride; 2-octyldodecenyl succinic acid; 1,2-diiodotetracosenyl succinic acid anhydride; hexacosenyl succinic acid; hexacosenyl succinic acid anhydride; and hentriacontenyl succinic acid anhydride.

The methods of preparing the alkenyl succinic acid anhydrides are well known to those familiar with the art. The most feasible method is by the reaction of an olefin with maleic acid anhydride. Since relatively pure olefins are difficult to obtain, and when thus obtainable, are often too expensive for commercial use, alkenyl succinic acid anhydrides are usually prepared as mixtures by reacting mixtures of olefins with maleic acid anhydride. Such mixtures, as well as relatively pure anhydrides, are utilizable herein.

In summary, without any intent of limiting the scope of the invention, acylation includes amidification, the formation of the cyclic amidine ring, the formation of acid imides such as might occur when anhydrides such as the alkenylsuccinic acids are reacted, i.e.,

CHz-C wherein P=branehed polyamine residue, polymers as might occur when a dicarboxylic acid is reacted intermolecularly with the branched olyamine, cyclization as might occur when a dicarboxylic acid reacts intramolecularly with the polyarnine as contrasted to intermolecular reactions, etc. The reaction products may contain other substances. Accordingly, these reaction products are most accurately defined by a definition comprising a recitation of the process by which they are produced, i.e., by acylation.

The moles of acylating agent reacted with the branched polyamine will depend on the number of acylation reactive positions contained therein as well as the number of moles of acylating agent one wishes to incorporate into the molecule. We have advantageously reacted l to 10 moles of acylating agent per mole of Polyamine N-400, but preferably 1 to 6 moles. With Polyamine N-800 and N-1200, twice and three times as many moles of acylating agent can be employed respectively, i.e. with Polyamine N-800, 1-20 moles, preferably l-12; with N-1200, 1-30, but preferably 1-18. Optimum acylation will depend on the particular application,

The following examples are illustrative of the preparation of the acylated branched polyamines.

The following general procedure is employed in acylating. The branched polyamine is mixed with the desired ratio of acid and a suitable azeotroping agent is added. Heat is then applied. After the removal of the calculated amount of water (1 to 2 equivalents per carboxylic acid group of the acid employed), heating is stopped and the azeotroping agent is evaporated under vacuum. The temperature during the reaction can vary from to 200 C. Where the formation of the cyclic amidine type structure is desired the maximum temperature is generally 180-250" C. and more than one mgle of water per carboxy-lic group is removed. The reaction times range from 4 to 24 hours. Here again, the true test of the degree of reaction is the amount of water removed.

Example 3-A In a 5 liter, 3 necked flask furnished with a stirring device, thermometer, phase separating trap, condenser and heating mantle, 1 mole (400 grams) of Polyamine N-400 is dissolved in an equal weight of xylene, i.e., 400 grams. 845 grams of oleic acid (3 moles) is added to the polyamine with stirring in about ten minutes. The reaction mixture is then heated gradually to about C. in half an hour and then held at about C. over a period of 3 hours until 54 grams (3 moles) of water is collected in the side of the tube. The solvent is then removed with gentle heating under reduced pressure of approximately 20 mm. The product is a dark, viscous, xylene-soluble liquid.

Example 3A The prior example is repeated except that the final reaction temperature is maintained at 240 C. and 90 grams (5 moles) of water are removed instead of 54 grams (3 moles). Infrared analysis of the product indicates the presence of a cyclic amidine ring.

The following examples of acylated branched polyamines are prepared in the manner of the above examples from Polyamine N-400 by employing 400 grams of polyamine in each example. The products obtained are dark, viscous materials.

In the examples the symbol A identified the acylated branched polyamine. Thus, specifically l-A, represents acylated Polyamine N-400, which polyamine is employed in all the reactions of the following table.

TABLE I.AGYLATED PRODUCTS 01? POLYAMINE N-400 OXYALKYLATION These branched polyamines can be oxyalkylated in Ex. Amd fi i f Water Remwed the conventional manner, for example, by means of an Polyamine alpha-beta alkylene oxide such as ethylene oxide, p-ro- Grams N400 M0195 Grams pylene oxide, butylene oxide, octylene oxide, a higher alkylene oxide, styrene oxide, glycide, methylglycide, etc., gj 18 $3 or combinations thereof. Depending on the particular 7:1 9.2 136 application desired, one may combine a large proportion 2i 2%, g of alkylene oxide, particularly ethylene oxide, propylene 1:1 20 2g oxide, a combination or alternate additions or propylene 2;} gjg i oxide and ethylene oxide, or smaller proportions thereof 3:1 2.1 3%; in relation to the branched polyamine. Thus, the molar 3h 54 ratio of alkylene oxide to branched polyainine can range 12:1 2.8 82 Within wide limits, for example, from a 1:1 mole ratio 5 58 to a ratio of 100021, or higher, but preferably 1 to 200. 22 For example, in demulsification extremely high alkylene 5 40 oxide ratios are often advantageously employed such as 3:1 5.3 95 200-300 or more moles of alkylene oxide per mole of 2:1 3.0 54 b 4:1 6.2 112 ranched polyamine. On the other hand, for certain ap- 0 is 3% plications such as corrosion prevention and use as fuel 1, 5 j 74 oil additives, lower ratios of alkylene oxides are advan- 1,800 3 113 tageously employed ie 1/ 10-25 moles of alkylene oxide 4: 11 9 2a 1 064 1 6 1 1 per mole of branched polyamine. By proper control, de- 798 31 58 sired hydrophilic or hydrophobic properties are imparted 11-113--.- do 532 2:1 0.3 5.4 10 Alg (0w) 966 31 94 to the composition. As is well known, oxyalkylation re- ClIllC. 10 A2 Anhydrme 322) 644 2:1 21 38 actions are conducted under a wide variety of conditions, 10-11:--- do 644 2:1 0.2 3.6 at low or high pressures, at low or high temperatures, in 131113911011? 23% f-g 3% the presence or absence of catalyst, solvent, etc. For 60 0. 551 111 20 instance oxyalkylation reactions can be carried out at 920 5 L2 22 temperatures of from 80200 C., and pressures of from 610 5.1 4.7 85 366 3:1 3.1 56 10 to 200 p.s.1., and times of from 15 min. to several if: g days. Preferably oxyalkylation reactions are carried out d 107.2 0.8:; 13 at 80 to 120 C. and 10 to 30 psi For conditions of 14-A3. o 67 0.5: Maleic anhydride 98 H 0.2 36 oxyalkylation reactions see Patent 2,792,369 and (98) other patents mentioned therein. gig:: fig if)" 81 Oxyalkylation is too well known to require a full l6A Naphthenic(33p) 990 3:1 3 discussion. For purpose of brevity reference is made gmpmmd to Parts 1 and 2 of US. Patent No. 2,792,371, dated 17-111--- Terephthalic (166)-- 332 211 4 g May 14, 1957, to Dickson in which particular attention 15223 ;33 33 2 g is directed to the various patents Which describe typical oxy'alkylation procedure. Furthermore, manufacturers of Chief substituent of oitieica oil is the glyeeride of licanic acid: alkylene qxldes furmsh extensive mformatlqn as to h use of oxides. For example, see the technical bulletin H entitled, Ethylene Oxide, which has been distributed OHr (CH2)a (CH=CH)3 CH2CPOEMZCOOH by the Jefferson Chemical C0mpany, Houston, 1"exas. Note also the extensive bibliography in this bulletin and The fougwing table presents specific illustration 0f the large number 0f patents which (1631 With oxyalkylation compounds other than N-400 and its derivatives. Processes- TABLE IA.AOYLATED PRODUCTS Acid Mols of Acid Water Exam- Branched Per Mols of Removed ple Polyamine Branched Name Grams Polyamme Moles Grams Oleic (282) 564 21 2. 2 39. s do 282 1:1 1.9 34.2 Dimerie (600) 1, 800 3: 1 2. 9 52. 3 do 1,200 2:1 2.1 37.3 Alkenyl Succinie .An- 532 2:1

hydride (255). M 266 L; L

Diglycolie (134) 134 1: 1 1. 0 1s Maleic Anhydride (98).- 98 1:1 Naphthenic (33) Sunap- 330 1:1 2. 1 37.8

tie Acid B. Acetic e0 1: 1 1. 1 19.6 Diphenolic (286) 286 1:1 1. 1 19.6 Stearic (284) 568 2:1 1. s 32. 4 do 284 1:1 1.9 34.2 Dlmeric (000)-- 500 1:1 1. 1 10. 6 Benzoic (122 122 1:1 0.9 16.2 Terephthalie (166).. 166 1:1 0.8 14. 4 Diphenolic (286)- 286 1:1 1. 0 18.0 L to (200) 200 1:1 1.2 21.0 846 3:1 3.1 55.8 564 2:1 1.9 34.2 232 1:1 1.0 18.0 240 4=1 4.0 72.0

The symbol employed to designate oxyalkylation is O. Specifically 1-0 represents oxyalkylated Polyamine N-400.

In the following oxyalkyl ations the reaction vessel employed is a stainless steel autoclave equipped with the usual devices for heating and heat control, a stirrer, inlet and outlet means and the like which are conventional in this type of apparatus. The stirrer is operated at a speed of 250 rpm. The branched polyamine, Polyamine N- 400, dissolved in an equal weight of xylene is charged into the reactor. The autoclave is sealed, swept with nitrogen, stirring started immediately and heat applied. The temperature is allowed to rise to approximately 100 C. at which time the addition of the alkylene oxide is started and added continuously at such speed as it is absorbed by the reaction mixture. When the rate of oxyalkylation slows down appreciably, which generally occurs after about 15 moles of ethylene oxide are added or after about 10 moles of propylene oxide are added, the reaction vessel is opened and an oxyalkylation catalyst is added (in 2 weight percent of the total reactants present). The catalyst employed in the examples is sodium methylate. Thereupon the autoclave is flushed out a before and oxyalkylation completed. In the case of oxybutylation, oxyoctylation, oxystyrenation, and other oxyalkylations, etc., the catalyst is added at the beginning of the operation.

Example 1-0 Using the oxyalkylation apparatus and procedure stated above, the following compounds are prepared: 400 grams (1 mol) of Polyamine N-400 are charged into a stainless steel autoclave, swept with nitrogen, stirring started, and autoclave sealed. The temperature is allowed to rise to approximately 100 C. and ethylene oxide is injected continuously until 220 grams (5 mols) total had been added over a one-half hour period. This reaction is exothermic and requires cooling to avoid a rise in temperature. The reaction mass is transferred to a suitable container. Upon cooling to room temperature, the reaction mass is a dark extremely viscous liquid.

Example 1-0 The same procedure as Example l-O is used exactly except that 396 grams of ethylene oxide (9 mols) is added to 400 grams (1 mol) of Polyamine N-400. This reaction material is a dark viscous liquid at room temperature.

Example 1O The same procedure as Example 1-0 is used and 396 grams of ethylene oxide (9 mols) are added to 400 grams (1 mol) of Polyamine N-400. After this reaction is completed, the autoclave is opened and 20 grams of sodium methylate are added. The autoclave is then flushed again with nitrogen and an additional 572 grams (13 mols) of ethylene oxide is added at 100 C. This reac- 12 tion is highly exothermic. The reaction mass now contains 1 mol of N-400 and a total of 22 mols of reacted ethylene oxide.

Example 1-0.;

A portion of the reaction mass of Example 1O is transferred to another autoclave and an additional amount of EtO was added. The reaction mass now contains the ratio of 1 mol of N-400 to 40 mols of E0.

Example [-0 The addition of ethylene oxide to Example 1-O is continued until a molar ratio of 1 mol of N-400 to mols of EtO is reached.

Example 1-0 The addition of ethylene oxide to Example 1-O is continued until a molar ratio of 1 mol of N-400 to 83 mols of EtO is reached.

Example 1-07 The addition of ethylene oxide to the Example l-O is continued until a molar ratio of 1 mol of N-400 to mols of EtO is reached.

Example 2-O 400 grams of N-4OO are charged into a conventional stainless steel autoclave. The temperature is raised to C., the autoclave is flushed with nitrogen and sealed. Then 290 grams of propylene oxide (S-mols) are added slowly at 120 C. A sample is taken at this point and labeled 2-0;. This sample contains 5 mols of P10 for each mol of N-400. It is a dark very viscous liquid at room temperature.

Example 2-O The addition of propylene oxide to 2-0 is continued as follows: The autoclave is opened and 35 grams of sodium methylate are added. The autoclave is again purged with nitrogen and sealed. Propylene oxide is added carefully until an additional 290 grams have been reacted. A sample is taken at this point and labeled 2O This compound now contains 10 mols of propylene oxide for each mol of N-400.

Example 2-O The oxypropylation of 2-0 is continued until an additional 638 grams of propylene oxide are reacted. A sample is taken at this point and labeled 2O 2-O contains 21 mols of propylene oxide for each mol of N-400. At room temperature the product is a dark thick liquid.

This oxyalkylation is continued to produce examples 2-O 2O Z-O 2O A summary of oxyalkylated products produced from N-400 is presented in the following Table II.

The Roman numerals, (I), (II), and (III) besides the moles of oxide added indicate the order of oxide addition (I) first, (II) second and (HI) third, etc.

TABLE II.OXYALKYLATED PRODUCTS [Moles of oxide/mole N-400] Wgt. (a)

Ph sical r0 ertie Moles y p D 8 Dark viscous liquid.

Semi-solid. Sol

These reactions are summarized 1n the following table:

TABLE III.ACYLATED, OXYALKYLAIED N400 [Moles oi oxide/mole of reactant] EtO PrO BuO Ex. Physical Properties Moles Wgt. Moles Wgt. Moles Wgt.

(a) (a) (a) 1A4O1.- 42 (II) 1, 048 78 (I) 4, 524 Dark. viscous liquid. 1A4Oz 8 (II) 3 59 (I) 3, 422 D0. 1A4O: 8 (III) 352 18 (II) 1A O 23 (III) 1,018 47 (I) 3-Aa01- 12 22 (II) 34130:. 12 (II) 528 (I) 3-AaO3 46 (II) 2, 024 98 (I) 4-A1O1.- 4 176 4Al()2-- 5 4A1Oa 3 (I) 132 3 (II) 5A101-- 6 432 D0. 5AiOz 2 (I) 116 3 (II) 216 D0. 5A1Oa....- Styrene oxide 4 moles, 480 grams Dark, viscous liquid. 5-A|Ol Octylcre oxide 5 moles, 635 grams 0. 7-A1O| (I) 660 (II) 1,440 Dark, thick liquid. 7A10a 10 I DO. 7A103 D0. 9-A301 23 (I) DO.

The following table presents specific lilustratlon of Example 2O A compounds other than N-400 and its derivatives.

TABLE IIIA.-AOYLATED, OXYALKYLATED BRANOHED POLYAMINES Mols of Oxide Per Mol of Rcaetant Example Physical Properties EtO PrO BuO 5 Dark. viscous liquid. 10 (II) Do. Do. 5 (III) 40 (II 10 (I) Do.

Styrene oxi c, 4 mols 3 (I) "I 15 (II) Do. 12 (II) 2 (I) Do.

Oetylene oxide, 5 mols 10 (I) (II) 10 (III) Do. 2 (I) (II) Do. Do. 3 (II) 8 (I) 1 (III) Do. 15 D0. 3 Do. 8 Do. 60 (II) 5 (III) 26 (I) Do. 1 Do. 5 Do. 3 Do. Epoxide 201, 1 mol Do. Styrene oxide, 10 mole Do.

OXYALKYLATION THEN ACYLATION The prior oxyalkylated branched polyamines can be acylated with any of the acylation agents herein disclosed (in contrast to acylation prior to oxyalkylation). Since these reactants also have hydroxy group acylation, in addition to reaction with the amino groups noted above, also includes esterification.

The method of acylation in this instance is similar to that carried out with the polyamine itself, i.e., dehydration wherein the removal of water is a test of the completion of the reaction.

Example 1-O A One mole of 1-0 (620 grams) is mixed with three moles of acetic acid 180 grams) and 400 ml. of xylene at room temperature. The temperature is raised slowly to 120-130" C. and refluxed gently for one hour. The temperature is then raised to ISO-160 C. and heated until 3 moles of water and all of the xylene are stripped off. The dark product is water-soluble.

One mole of 2-0 (2894 grams) is mixed with one mole of palmitic acid (256 grams) at room temperature. Vacuum is applied and the temperature is raised slowly until one mole of water (18 grams) is removed. This product is a dark viscous liquid.

Example 6O A One mole of 6-0 (7450 grams) is mixed with 500 grams of xylene and heated to C. One mole of diglycolic acid (134 grams) is added slowly to prevent excessive foaming. The temperature is raised to -150 C. and held until one mole of water has evolved. This product is the diglycolic acid fractional ester of 6-0 A white precipitate forms during this reaction which can be removed by filtration. Analysis shows the precipitate to be sodium acid diglycollate, a reaction product of the catalyst and diglycolic acid. The filtered product is a dark viscous liquid at room temperature.

Table IV contains examples which further illustrate the invention. The symbol employed to designate oxyalkylated, acylated products is 0A.

TABLE IV.--OXYALKYLATED, THEN ACYLATED BRANCHED POLYAMINE N-400 Acylating agent Water removed Physical Ex. properties Moles of Wgt., Wgt. Name acylating grams Moles (g) agent 1-O1A.- Acetic--- 3 180 3 Dark liquid. 1 282 1 18 Do. 2 568 2 36 Solid. 1 200 1 18 Dark liquid. 2-0 Myristic 2 457 2 36 Do. 2-O4A.. Palmitic 1 256.4 1 18 Do. k0; Oleic 2 564 2 36 Solid. 4OzA Riclnoleic.-. 1 298.5 1 18 Dia rkid iqu 5-011... Abietic acid. 1 302.4 1 18 Dark solid. 5-0 Ta1l0i1-..... 1 1 18 Dark liquid. 6-O1A Lln01eic 1 280.4 1 18 Do. 6OzA.- leic 2 564 2 36 D0. 6O;A-- Maleic an- 1 98 1 l8 Viscous hydride. liquid. 6O5A.. Diglycolic.-. 1 134 1 18 Do. 7-01A.. Laurie 2 400 2 36 Dark liquid. 8-O1A-. Stearic 1 284 1 18 Solid.

The following table presents specific illustration of compounds other than N-400 and its derivatives.

TABLE IV-A.OXYALKYLATED, THEN .AOYLATED BRANCHED POLYAMINE Water Re- Mols of moved Physical Example Name Acylating Wt. in Proper- Agent Grams ties Mols Wt. in Grams -OaA--- Stearic 1 284 1 18 Solid. 11-0211--- Laurie 2 400 2 36 Viscous liquid 11-0511--- Diglycolic.-. 1 134 1 18 Dark liquid 12-0111--- Maleic au- 1 98 Viscous h dride. liquid. 13-O1A--- 2 564 1 18 Do. 14-0211-.- 1 280.4 1 18 Do. 15-O1A-.- Tallo 1 175 1 18 D0. Iii-03A-.- Abietic acid. 1 302 1 18 Solid. 17-011.--- Rieiuoleic--- 1 298 1 18 Viscous liquid. 18-011---- 2 564 2 36 Do.

1 256 1 18 Solid. 2 457 2 36 D0. 1 200 1 18 D0. 2 568 2 36 D0. 1 282 1 18 Viscous liquid 23-O2A--- Acetic 1 6O 1 18 Do. 24-0 11.-- Diphenolie 1 286 1 18 130. 25-0111. Tereph- 1 166 1 18 Solid.

thalic. 25-0411.-- Naphthenic. 2 330 2 36 Viscous liquid. 25-06A do 1 330 1.9 34 D0. 26-01 Benzoic 1 122 1 18 Do. 26-0 Lauric 1 200 1.8 32 D0.

HEAT TREATMENT OF OXYALKYLATED PRODUCTS The oxyalkylated products described herein, for example, those shown in Table II relating to oxyalkylated branched polyamines and those in Table III relating to oxyalkylated, prior acylated, branched polyamines can be heat treated to form useful compositions.

In general, the heat treatment is carried out at 200- 250 C. Under dehydrating conditions, where reduced pressure and a fast flow of nitrogen is used, lower temperatures can be employed, for example ISO-200 C.

Water is removed during the reaction, such as by means of a side trap. Nitrogen passing through the reaction mixture and/or reduced pressure can be used to facilitate water removal.

The exact compositions cannot be depicted by the usual chemical formulas for the reason that the structures are subject to a wide variation.

The heat treatment is believed to result in the polymerization of these compounds and is effected by heating same at elevated temperatures, generally in the neighborhood of 200-270 C., preferably in the presence of catalysts, such as sodium hydroxide, potassium hydroxide, sodium ethylate, sodium glycerate, or catalysts of the kind commonly employed in the manufacture of superglycerinated fats, calcium chloride, iron and the like. The proportion of catalyst employed may vary from slightly less than 0.1%, in some instances, to over 1% in other instances.

Conditions must be such as to permit the removal of water formed during the process. At times the process can be conducted most readily by permitting part of the volatile constituents to distill, and subsequently subjecting the vapors to condensation. The condensed volatile distillate usually contains water formed by reaction. The water can be separated from such condensed distillate by any suitable means, for instance, distilling with xylene, so as to carry over the water, and subsequently removing the xylene. The dried condensate is then returned to the reaction chamber for further use. In some instances, condensation can best be conducted in the presence of a high-boiling solvent, which is permitted to distill in such a manner as to remove the water of reaction. In any event, the speed of reaction and the character of the polymerized product depend not only upon the original reactants themselves, but also on the nature and amount of catalyst employed, on the temperature employed, the time of reaction, and the speed of water removal, i.e., the effectiveness with which the water of reaction is removed from the combining mass. Polymerization can be effected without the use of catalysts in some instances, but such procedure is generally undesirable, due to the fact that the reaction takes a prolonged period of time, and usually a significantly higher temperature. The use of catalyst such as iron, etc. fosters the reaction.

The following examples are presented to illustrate heat treatment. The symbol used to designate a heat treated oxyalkylated polyamine is OH and an acylated, oxyalkylated product is AOH. In all examples 500 grams of starting material and a temperature of 225250 C. are employed.

Example 1-O H A conventional glass resin vessel equipped with a stirrer and water trap is used. Five hundred grams of 1-0;, are charged into the above resin vessel along with five grams of CaCl The temperature is raised to 225250 C. and heated until 50 grams of water (2.8 mols) are evolved. This process takes 7.5 hours of heating. The product is an extremely viscous material at room temperature. However, upon warming slightly this product dissolves easily in water.

Example 2-O H The process of the immediately previous example is repeated using 2-0 but substituting sodium methylate for calcium chloride. The product is a dark, viscous, water-soluble material.

Example 6-O H The process of Example 1-O H is repeated using 6-0 but substituting powdered iron for calcium chloride.

TABLE V.HEAI TREATED (l) OXYALKYLATED AND (2) AOYLATED, OXYALKYLAIED POLYAMINE N400 Water Removed Ex. Catalyst, Time in 5 grams Hours Wgt. Moles 63 8. 5 8.0 56 3. 1 9. 3 40 2. 2 10. 0 31 1. 7 7. 5 61 3. 4 8. 0 33 1. 8 6.8 63 3. 5 8. 0 3A3O1H---- 47 2. 6 8. 5

7AiO2H NaO 27 1. 5 7. 5 9AzOsH r 50 2. 8 8. 0 l1-A1O1H.- K H 54 3.0 8. 5

All of the above products are dark, viscous liquids.

The following table presents specific illustration of compounds other than N-400 and its derivatives.

TABLE VA.HEAT TREATED (1) OXYALKYLATED AND (2) ACYLATED, OXYALKYLATED BRANCHED POLYAMINE Example Catalyst Wt. of Water Mols of 11 Time in grams) Removed Removed Hours 27 1. 5 7. 5 33-A1O1H... 50 2. 8 8. 0

All of the above products are dark, viscous liquids.

ALKYLATION Alkylation relates to the reaction of the branched polyamine and derivatives thereof with alkylating agents.

Any hydrocarbon halide, e.g. alkyl, alkenyl, cycloalkenyl, aralkyl, etc., halide which contains at least one carbon atom and up to about thirty carbon atoms or more per molecule can be employed to alkylate the products of this invention. It is especially preferred to use alkyl halides having between about one to about eighteen carbon atoms per molecule. The halogen portion of the alkyl halide reactant molecule can be any halogen atom, i.e., chlorine, bromine, fluorine, and iodine. In practice, the alkyl bromides and chlorides are used, due to their greater commercial availability. Non-limiting examples of the alkyl halide reactant are methyl chloride; ethyl chloride; propyl chloride; n-butyl chloride; sec-butyl iodide; t-butyl fluoride; n-amyl bromide; isoamyl chloride; n-hexyl bromide; n-hexyl iodide; heptyl fluoride; 2-ethylhexyl chloride; n-octyl bromide; decyl iodide; dodecyl bromide; 7-ethyl-2 methyl-undecyl iodide; tetradecyl bromide; hexadecyl bromide; hexadecyl fluoride; heptadecyl chloride; octadecyl bromide; docosyl chloride; tetracosyl iodide; hexacosyl bromide; octacosyl chloride; and triacontyl chloride. In addition, alkenyl halides can also be employed, for example, the alkenyl halides corresponding to the above examples. In addition, the halide may contain other elements besides carbon and hydrogen as, for example, where dichloroethylether is employed.

The alkyl halides can be chemically pure compounds or of commercial purity. Mixtures of alkyl halides, having carbon chain lengths falling within the range specified hereinbefore, can also be used. Examples of such mixtures are mono-chlorinated wax and mono-chlorinated kerosene. Complete instructions for the preparation of mono-chlorowax have been set forth in United States Patent 2,238,790.

Since the reaction between the alkyl halide reactant and the branched polyamine is a condensation reaction, or an alkylation reaction, characterized by the elimination of hydrogen halide, the general conditions for such reactions are applicable herein. It is preferable to carry out the reaction at temperatures of between about 100 and about 250 0, preferably between about 140 C. and about 200 C., in the presence of a basic material which is capable of reacting with the hydrogen halide to remove it. Such basic materials are, for example, sodium bicarbonate, sodium carbonate, pyridine, tertiary alkyl amines, alkali or alkaline earth metal hydroxides, and the like.

It is preferred to perform the reaction between the alkyl halide reactant and the branched polyamine reactant in a hydrocarbon solvent under reflux conditions. The aromatic hydrocarbon solvents of the benzene series 20 are especially preferable. Non-limiting examples of the preferred solvent are benzene, toluene, and xylene. The amount of solvent used is a variable and non-critical factor. It is dependent on the size of the reaction vessel and on the reaction temperature selected. For example, it will be apparent that the amount of solvent used can be so great that the reaction temperature is lowered thereby.

The time of reaction between the alkyl halide reactant and the branched polyamine is dependent on the weight of the charge, the reaction temperature selected, and the means employed for removing the hydrogen halide from the reaction mixture. In practice, the reaction is continued until no more hydrogen halide is formed. In general, the time of reaction will vary widely such as between about four and about ten hours.

It can be postulated that the reaction between the alkyl halide reactant and the branched polyamine results in the formation of products where the alkyl group of the alkyl halide has replaced a hydrogen atom attached to a nitrogen atom. It is also conceivable that alkylation of an alkylene group of the branched polyamine can occur. However, the exact composition of any given reaction product cannot be predicted. For example, when two moles of butyl bromide are reacted with one mole of Polyamine N-400, a mixture of mono-, diand triand higher N-alkylated products can be produced. Likewise, the alkyl groups can be substituted on different nitrogen atoms in diflerent molecules of the branched polyamine.

Thus, the term Alkylation as employed herein and in the claims includes alkenylation, cycloalkenylation, aralkylation, etc., and other hydrocarbonylation as well as alkylation itself.

In general, the following examples are prepared by reacting the alkyl halide with the branched polyamine at the desired ratio in the presence of one equivalent of base for each equivalent HCl given off during the reaction. Water formed during the reaction is removed by distillation. Where the presence of the anions, such as chlorine, bromine, etc., is not material and salts and quaternary compounds are desired, no base is added.

The following examples are presented to illustrate the alkylation of the branched polyamines.

Example 5-K One mole of each of the following: tetradecylchloride, Polyamine N-400, and sodium bicarbonate are placed in a reaction vessel equipped with a mechanical stirrer, a thermometer and a condenser reflux take-off for removal of water from the reaction as it is evolved in an azeotropic mixture of water and a hydrocarbon solvent. The reflux take-off is filled with xylene. The stirred reactants are heated to about C. whereupon an exothermic reaction causes the temperature to rise to about C. The reaction temperature is then increased to C. and held there for two hours. Then, xylene is added to the reaction vessel in an amount suflicient to cause a xylene reflux to take place at a temperature of ISO- C. The reaction is continued for six hours or until the theoretical amount of water is removed. Thereupon, an equal volume of xylene is added to the reaction mixture and the resultant solution is filtered. This filtrate is then evaporated under reduced pressure to yield a dark amber oil. No halogen was present in this product as evidenced by a negative Beilstein copper wire test.

Example 5-K X The above reaction is repeated except that no sodium bicarbonate is employed in the reaction. The reaction product contained chlorine.

The reactions shown in the following table are carried out in a similar manner. Each reaction in the table is carried out in two ways( 1) in the presence of base as in 5-K to yield the halogen-free alkylation product Table VI and (2) in the absence of base to yield halogen contaming products in the manner of 5K X Table VII.

The alkylated products of this invention contain primary, secondary, tertiary, and quaternary amino groups. By controlling the amount of alkylation agent employed and the conditions of reaction, etc., one can control the type and amount of alkylation. For example, by reaction less than the stoichiometric amount of alkylation agent one could preserve the presence of nitrogen-bonded hydrogen present on the molecule and by exhaustive alkylation in the presence of sufficient basic material, one can form more highly alkylated compounds.

The moles of alkylatin-g agent reacted with the branched polyamine will depend on the number of alkylation reactive positions contained therein as well as the number of moles of alkylating agent one wishes to incorporate into the molecule. Theoretically every hydrogen bonded to a nitrogen atom can be alkylated. We have advantageously reacted 1-10 moles of alkylating agent per moles of Polyamine N400, but preferably 1-6 moles. With Polyamine N-SOO and N-l200, twice and three times as many moles of alkylating agent can be employed respectively, i.e., with Polyamine N800, 1-20 moles, preferably 1-12; with Polyamine N1200, l-30 but preferably 1-18. Optimum alkylation will depend on the particular application.

In addition, the alkyl halide may contain functional groups. For example, chloroacetic acid can be reacted with the branched polyamines to yield a compound containing carboxylic acid groups wherein P is the residue of the polyamine.

In addition, the branched polyamine can be alkylated with an alkyl halide such as alkyl chloride and then reacted with chloroacetic acid to yield an alkylat'ed polyamine containing carboxylic acid groups (C12Hrs-N)nP(CHz( JOH)u The symbol employed to designate an alkylated polyamine is K. Where the product is a salt or a quaternary product the symbol is KX.

TABLE VI.-ALKYLATED PRODUCTS Ratio, Moles oi Alkyl- Physical Ex. Alkylating ating Agent/Mole of Proper- Agent Polyamine 400 or ties Derivatives l-Ki Butyl chloride 1:1 Viscous liquid TABLE VI.Continued Ratio, Moles of Alkyl- Physical Ex.- Alkylating ating Agent/Mole oi Proper- Agent Polyamine 400 or ties 5 Derivatives 3-K1 2-ethyl-hexyl chlo- 3:1 Viscous ride. liquid. 3-Kz (lO 5:1 D0. 34?. rln 7:1 Do. 4-Kr Dodecyl ch1oride 2:1 Semisolid. 4J6 (in 3:1 D0. 4-K: dn 5:1 Solid. 5-K1 Tetradecyl chloride" 1:1 Semisolid 5-Kg do 3:1 Solid. 5-Kado 6:1 D0. 6-K1- Octadeeyl chloride.-- 1:1 sernli;d

so 1 6-K: 3:1 Solid. 6-K 4:1 D0. 7-K 1:1 Viscous liquid. 7-K: -do 5:1 id. 7-16 dn 3:1 DO. 8421 Allyl chloride 3:1 V11s cou (si iqui 8-K do 4:1 Do. 8Ks "do 6:1 D0. 9-K1 Dodecenyl ehloride. 1:1 Do. 9- -J 3:1 Semisolid. il-R'q (in 5;], DO.

10-K1 Doddecylbenzyl chlo- 2:1 Solid.

['1 e. .do 4:1 D0. d0 5:1 D0. 1,4-dich1orobutene-2 1:2 Viscous liquid. 11-K2 .do 2:1 Do. .......(10 3:1 D0. 1,4-xylylene diohlo- 1:2 Do.

ride. 12-1? dn 3:1 D0. 12-K: "do 5:1 Do. 13-K1 Dichlorodiethylethen 1:1 Do. 13-1? do 3:1 D0.

5:1 Semisolid. Benzylchloride 8:1 Solid. Methyl chloride. 6:1 Liquid. Dimethylsuliate 4:1 Do. Ethylene dichloride 2:1 Viscous liquid. 1,4-dichlorobutene-2- 4:1 Do. Dodecyl chloride-.- 3:1 Semisolid. n-Amylbromide 4:1 Viscous liquid. 4-O HK 1,4in1ylylene dichlo- 3:1 Do.

r e. 6-03HK Methyl chloride 6:1 Liquid. 7AiOzHK Dichlorodiethylether. 4:1 Viscous liquid.

11A1O1HK do 4:1 D0.

The following table presents specific illustration of compounds other than N400 and its derivatives.

TABLE VIA.ALKYLATED PRODUCTS Ratio, M018 0! Branched Alkylating Agent Per Physical Example Polyamlne Alkylating Agent Mol oi Branched Prop- Polyamine or erties Derivatives Benzyl chloride 2:1 Viscous iqllid do 3:1 Do. do 5:1 Do.

Dlchloro diethylether 1:1 Semisolid. do 3:1 Do. Allyl chloride 1:1 Viscous liquid ...do 2:1 Do. .do 3:1 Do. Butyl chloride- 1:1 Do. do 3:1 Do. do 5:1 Do. Methyl chloride 6:1 Do. n-Amyl bromide. 3: 1 D0. Dodecenyl ehlorid 1:1 Do. Dimethyl sulfate. 2:1 Do. Dichl orodiethylet 1: 1 Do. Allyl chloride 2:1 Do. Octadecyl chlori 3:1 Do. n-Amyl bromide- 1:]. Do. Benzyl chloride 2:1 Do. Dichloropentan 1:1 Do. 25-111 OzHK- Methyl chloride- 1 1 Do.

ALKYLATED N-400 AND DERIVATIVES Ratio, Moles of Physical Ex. Alkylating Agent Alkylatmg Agent] of Prop- Polyamme N400 erties or derivative 1-K1X Butylchlorlde 1:1 Viscous liquid. 1467C dn 3:1 Do. l-TGX do 5:1 D0. 2K1X u-Amyl bromide 2:1 Do. 2400: dn 4:1 Do. 2-K1X rln 6:1 D0. 3-K1X 2-etgyl-hexyl ehlo- 3:1 Do.

:1 e. 3-TGX' (in 5:1 D0. 3-](1X do 721 D0. 4K1X Dodecyl chloride... 2:1

4-way (in 3;1 4K;4X do 5:1 o-KiX Tetradeeyl chloride- 1:1

5-107? dn 3;1 5411K (in 1 GK1X Octadeeylchloride 1:1 o-mx (in 3:1 o-mx dn 4:1 7-K1X Benzyl chloride 1:1

7-11.)? (in 5;1 7-163! do 3:1 s-KtX Allyl chloride 3:1

liquid. S-TGX' rln 4:1 D0. 8K:X do 6:1 Do, 9-K1X Dodecenyl chloride 1:1 Seml }1 so 1 9463? do 3:1 Solid. 9 do 5:1 Do. 10-K1X Dodecylbenzyl 2:1 D0.

chloride. IO- do 4:1 Do. l-K:X ..do :1 Do. 11K1X 1,4-dichlorobutene-2- 1:2 Viscous liquid. 11-KzX -do 2:1 Do. 11-1 do 3:1 Do. 12K1X l,4- i(riylylene diehlo- 1:2 Do.

n e. 12-167 do 3:1 Do. 12-K;X do 5:1 Do. 13-K1X Dichlorodiethyl- 1:1 Do.

ether. 13-KzX do 3:1 Semisolid. 1-OaKX do 5:1 Solid.

2-OaKX Benzylchloride 8:1 Do. 3-A5KX Methyl ehloride 6:1 Llqllld. fi-A KX Dimethylsuliate 4:1 Vilscoua lqlll 2-O|AKX.- Ethylene dichlorlde 2:1 Do. 501AKX.--.. l,4-dichlorobutene-2 4:1 Do. 1-A4O2KX---- Dodecyl chloride 3:1 SemIi -d so 1 7A:O1KX..-- n-Amylbromide.-..- 4:1 Viscous liquid. 4OaHKX. 1,4-fiylylene dichlo- 3:1 Do.

n e. 6O HKX Methyl chloride.-.-- 6:1 l )o. 7--A1O2HK X.- Dichlorodiethyl- 4:1 Semi;

ether. solid. 11A1O:HKX- do 4:1 Do.

The following table presents specific illustration of compounds other than N-400 and its derivatives.

TABLE VIIA.SALT AND QUA'IERNARY PRODUCTS OF ALKYLATED BRANCHED POLYAMINE AND DERIVA- TIVES Ratio of Alkylating Physical Example Alkylating Agent Agent/oi Polyamine Properor Derivative ties 14K1X Ethylene dichloride. 2:1 Solid.

n-Amyl br01nide 3:1 Do. Dichlorodiethyl- 4:1 Do.

ether. Dimethyl sulfate. 3:1 Do. Methyl chloride 2:1 Do. 1,4-xylene dichlo- 6:1 D0.

ride. Dodeeylbenzyl 8:1 Semichloride. solid. l,4-dichlorobutene-2 3:1 Do. Beuzyl chloride".-. 4:1 Do. Methyl ehloride 3:1 Do. Ethylene dichloride- 2:1 Do. Dodecyl chloride 1:1 Do. Diehlorodiethyl- 1 :1 Solid.

ether. Benzyl chloride.-." 3:1 Do. 11-04KX -.d0 2:1 Do. do 1:1 Do. Methyl chloride 5:1 Do. do 4:1 Do. 3:1 Do. 3:1 D0. ether.

l4OzHKX- ---.-do 2:1 Do. 25A1OZHKX- do 1:1 Do.

ALKYLATED THEN ACYLATION The alkylated material prepared above can be further treated with acylating agent where residual acylatable The product depends on the ratio of moles of water removed for each carboxylic acid group, i.e., 1 mole water/ 1 mole carboxylic essentially amides; more than 1 mole water/1 mole carboxylic acid group, essentially cyclic amidines, such as imidazolines.

Such compounds are illustrated in the following table.

The symbol employed to designated alkylated acylated products is KA and acylated, alkylated, acylated products is AKA."

TABLE VIIL-ACYLATEg), PRIOR ALKYLATED BRANCHED OLYAMINES I Moles of Acylat- Moles Ex. Aeylating Agent ing Agent/Mole Wgt. Water Physical of N 400 or Removed Properties Derivative 2 564 3. 1 Viscous liquid.

3 852 3. 0 Solid.

2 400 2. 8 Viscous liquid.

Alkenyl (C1z) 1 266 0. 5 Solid.

succinic anhydride.

1 282 1. 7 Viscous liquid.

2 598 3. 0 D0. 1O3KA Oleic 1 282 1. 5 Do. 3A:KA1 Alkeuyl (Cu) 1 266 Solid.

sucemle anhydrlde. 3-11 at A, 01am 1 282 1. 5 Viscous liquid.

The following table presents specific illustration of compounds other than N-400 and its derivatives.

TABLE VIIIA.-ACYLATED, PRIOR ALKYLATED BRANCHED POLYAMINE Mols t Acylating Wt. of Mols of Physical Example Aeylating Agent Agent/Mel of Acylating Water Proper- Polyamine or Agent Removed ties Derivative Used I l-K118. Laurie 1 200 1.1 Solid. 15-KQA Rieinnlein 3 894 3. 0 DO. 16-12. A 01m 2 564 3. 5 Do. 7-mA Pmmim- 2 512 2. 0 Do. 18-A2KA Stearic 1 568 1.0 Do. 10-O KA leic 1 282 1.0 Do. 0mA Linnlaio 2 560 2. 0 Do. 26-A OqR'A A ratio 1 60 1. 5 D0. 11OzAKA Diglycolic 1 134 1.0 Do. 14O2HKA.- Maleicanhydride 2 196 Do. 25A1O HKA, Oleic 1 282 1.5 Do.

OLEFINATION 25 The reaction proceeds smoothly without the aid of a catal st. Warm entl to 80-100 C. and stir for one (Olefinatzon relates to the reactzon of the polyamme and hour? g y derivatives with olefins) The compositions of this invention, including the branched polyamine itself as well as reaction products thereof containing active hydrogens, can be reacted with unsaturated compounds, particularly compounds containing activated double bonds, so as to add the polyamine across the double bonds as illustrated herein:

Where the compound contains an additional active hydrogen, other unsaturated molecules can be added to the original molecule for example:

Where one or more active hydrogens are present at another reactive site, the following reaction could take place:

The reaction is carried out in the conventional manner such as illustrated, for example, in Synthetic Organic Chemistry, Wagner and Zook (Wiley, 1953), page 673.

Non-limiting examples of unsaturated compounds which can be reacted with the polyamine and derivatives thereof including the followingacrylonitrile, acrylic and methacrylic acids and esters, crotonic acid and esters, cinnamic acid and esters, styrene, styrene derivatives and related compounds, butadiene, vinyl ethers, vinyl ketones, maleic esters, vinyl sulfones, etc.

In addition, the polyamine and derivative thereof containing active hydrogens can be used to prepare telomers of polymer prepared from vinyl monomers.

The following are examples of olefination. The symbol employed to designate olefination is U and alkylation, olefination KU.

Example 1-U The olefination reaction is carried out in the usual glass resin apparatus. Since the reaction is that of a double bond with an active hydrogen, no Water is eliminated. The reaction is relatively simple, as shown by the following example:

Charge 400 grams of N-400 (1 mol) into glass resin apparatus. Care should be taken that the N400 is water- Example 6-U To 800 grams of N-400 (2 mols) in 800 grams of xylene, add 124 grams of divinyl sulfone (1 mole) at room temperature. This reaction is exothermic and care must be taken to prevent an excessive rise in temperature which would cause cross-linking and insolubilization.

Example 3O U Same reactions as Example 1-U except that 1 mol of methyl acrylate is substituted for acrylonitrile and 3-0 is substituted for the N-400. Part of this product is thereupon saponified with sodium hydroxide to form the fatty amino acid salt.

Further examples of the reaction are summarized in the following table:

TABLE IX.-OLEFINATION Moles 0t Olefin/ Compound Olefin Mole of Polyamine Time Tempera- N-400 or Polyamine ture, C.

N-400 Derivative Acrylonltrile 1/1 1 hr -100 Methyl meth- 1/1 1 hr- 80-100 acrylate.

do 3 1 1 hr 80400 Ethyl emna- 1/1 2 hrs... 120

mate. Ethyl crotonate- 1/1 2 hrs-.- 120 Drpctyl male 1/1 2 hrs 150 a e. Divinyl sulione. 1/2 30 min- Styrene 1/1 30 min. 90 0 3/1 30 min- 90 Lauryl meth- 3/1 1 hr-.- 120 acrylate. 9-U Divinyl sulfone- 1/2 30 min- 90 4Aa-U1 Methyl meth- 111 1 hr acrylate. 4-A3Uz. Divlnyl sulione- 1/2 30 min. 90 K1U Acrylonitrile. 2/1 1 hr 70 4-A101U 1/1 1 11L--- 90 1/1 1 hr-. 90 1/1 1 hr- 90 1/1 1 hr- 90 1/1 1 hr..-- 90 1/1 1 11L.-- 90 1/1 1 hr 90 The following table presents specific illustration of compounds other than N-400 and its derivatives.

TABLE IXA.OLE FINATION Schiffs base is present on the branched amino group rather than on the terminal amino group, etc.

Mols of Olefin/M01 Branched of Branched Poly- Temp, Example Polyamine Olefin amine or Branched Time C.

Iolyamine Derivative Acrylonitrile 1:1 1 hr 80-100 Styrene 1:1 1 hr- 80-100 Divinyl sulfone 1:1 1 hr 80-100 Di-oetylmaleate--. 1:1 1 hr... 125 Acrylonitrile 2:1 30 min. 80l00 Metliylacrylate 1 1 30 min- 80-100 Ethyl crotonate 2:1 30 min. 120 Divinyl sulfone 2:1 30 min 120 Ethyl einnnmate 1 1 2 hrs. 120 Di-octylmaleate 1: 1 2 hrs. 120 Methyl meth- 1:1 1 hr. 100

acrylate.

U Styrene 2:1 1 hr- 100 18A1O1U Acrylonitrile 2: 1 1 hr. 100 31-A1O2U Ethyl einnamate.. 1:1 1 hr 110 13O1AU Ethyl erotonate-.. 1:1 2 hrs.-- 120 25-O1AU Divinyl sulione. 2:1 1 hr. 80 12-01HU Lauryl meth- 3:1 2 hrs.-- 130 acrylate. 25-A1OzHU Acrylonitrile 1:1 1 hr 90 16-K3HXU Divinyl sulfone..- 1:1 1 hr 90 -K1U Styrene- 4:1 1 hr 90 33-A O1KU do 2:1 1 hr 90 -A1O1HKU--- do 1:1 1 hr 00 CARBONYLATION A Wide variety of aldehyde may be employed such as (Carbonylation relates to the reaction of the branched polyamine and derivatives with aldehydes and ketones) Where primary amino groups are present on the polyamine reactants, Schiffs bases can be formed on reaction with carbonyl compounds. For example, where an aldehyde such as salicylaldehyde is reacted with Polyamine N-40O in a ratio of 3 moles of aldehyde to 1 mole of polyamine, the following type of compound could be formed:

HO OH IIO and other isomeric configurations, such as where the aliphatic, aromatic, cycloaliphatic, heterocyclic, etc., including substituted derivatives such as those containing aryloxy, halogen, heterocyclic, amino, nitro, cyano, carboxyl, etc. groups thereof. Non-limiting examples are the following:

A ldehya'es Benzaldehyde 2-rnethylbcnzaldehyde 3-methylbenzaldehyde 4-methylbenzaldehyde 2-methoxybenzaldehyde 4-methoxy-benzaldehyde a-Naphthaldehyde b-Naphthaldehyde 4-phenylbenzaldehyde Propionaldehyde n-Butyraldehyde Heptaldehyde Aldol 2-hydroxybenzaldehyde 2-hydroxy-6-methylbenzaldehyrle 2-hydr0xy-3 -methoxybenzaldehyde 2-4-dihydroxybenzaldehyde 2-6-dihydroxybenzaldehyde 2-hydroxynaphthaldehyde-1 l-hydroxynaphthaldehyde-2 Anthrol-2-aldehyde-1 2-hydroxyfluorene-aldehyde-1 4-hydroxydiphenyl-aldehyde-3 3-hydroxyphenanthrene-aldehyde-4 1-3-dihydroxy-2-4-dialdehydebenzene 2-hydroxy-S-chlorobenzaldehyde 2-hydroXy-3 5 dibromobenzaldehyde 2-hydroxy-B-nitrobenzaldehyde 2-hydroxy-3-cyanobenzaldehyde 2-hydroxy-3-carboxybenzaldehyde 4-hydroxypyridine-aldehyde-B 4-hydroxyquinoline-aldehyde-3 7-hydroxyquinolinc-aldehyde-8 Formaldehyde Glyoxal Glyceraldehyde Schifis bases are prepared with the polyamines of this invention in a conventional manner such as described in Synthetic Organic Chemistry by Wagner and Zook (1953, Wiley), pages 728-9.

Where more extreme conditions are employed, the products may be more complex wherein the carbonyl reactant instead of reacting intrarnolecularly in the case of a Schiffs base may react intermolecularly so as to act as a bridging means between two or more polyamine compounds, thus increasing the molecular weight of the polyamine as schematically shown below in the case where formaldehyde is the carbonyl compound:

In addition to increasing the molecular weight by means of aldehydes, these compounds result in the formation of cyclic compounds. Probably both molecular weight increase and cyclization occur during the reaction.

The following examples illustrate the reaction of carbonyl compounds with branched polyamines. The symbol employed to designate carbonylation is C, acylation, carbonylation AC, and alkylation, carbonylation I$KCIQS Example 1-C Charge 400 grams of N400 and 400 grams of xylene into a conventional glass resin apparatus fitted with a stirrer, thermometer and side-arm trap. Raise temperature to 120 C. and slowly add 122 grams of salicylaldehyde (1 mol). Hold at this temperature for 2 hours. Vacuum is then applied until all xylene is stripped off. The reaction mass is a thick dark liquid which is soluble in water.

Example 6-C Using the same apparatus as above, charge 400 grams of N-400. While stirring, add slowly at room temperature 82 grams of 37% aqueous formaldehyde (1 mol of HCHO). This reaction is exothermic and the temperature must be controlled with an ice bath. After the exothermic reaction has ceased, raise temperature to 100 C. The reaction mass may be stopped at this point. It is a viscous water-soluble material. However, it is possible to continue heating under vacuum until all of the water has been eliminated. Cross-linking occurs with this procedure and care must be taken to prevent insolubilization.

Further examples of this reaction are summarized in the following table:

TABLE X.CARB ONYLATION Compound Aldehyde Mol. Temp., Time Ratio '0.

Salicylaldehyde 1/1 120 2 hrs ""410 2/1 120 2 hrs. do 3/1 120 2 hrs. 2-hydroxy-3-methoxy- 1/1 130 4 hrs benzaldehyde.

d 2/1 130 4 hrs 3/1 130 4 hrs 5/1 130 4 hrs 3/1 110 1 hr. 3/1 90 2 hrs. 3/1 130 5 hrs. 3/1 2 hrs.

2/1 100 1 hr. 2/1 135 3 hrs.

Salicylaldehyde. 1/1 120 2 hrs d 1/1 120 2 hrs 1/1 120 2 hrs 2/1 120 2 hrs 1 Start 25 0., raise to 100 C.

The following table presents specific illustration of compounds other than N-400 and its derivatives.

The examples presented above are non-limiting examples. It should be clearly understood that various other combinations, order of reactions, reaction ratios, multiplicity of additions, etc. can be employed. Where additional reactive groups are still present on the molecule, the reaction can be repeated with either the original reactant or another reactant.

The type of compound prepared is evident from the letters assigned to the examples. Thus, taking the branched polyamine as the starting material, the following example designations have the following meaning:

Example designation: Meaning (1) A Acylated.

(2) A0 Acylated, then oxyalkylated.

(3) AOA Acylated, then oxyalkylated,

then acrylated. (4) AOH Acylated, then oxyalkylated,

then heat treated.

(5) AX Salt or quaternary of (1).

(6) AOX Salt or quaternary of (2).

(7) AOAX Salt or quaternary of (3).

(8) AOHX Salt or quaternary of (4).

(9) O Oxyalkylated. (10) 0A Oxyalkylated, then acylated. (11) OH Oxyalkylated, then heat treated. (12) K Alkylated. (13) KX Salt or quaternary of (12). (14) KA Alkylated, then acylated. (15) AK Acylated, then alkylated. (16) AKX Salt or quaternary of (15). (17) OK Oxyalkylated, then alkylated. (18) OKX Salt or quaternary of (17). (19) C Carbonylated. (20) AC Acylated, then carbonylated. (21) KC Alkylated, then carbonylated. (22) CO Carbonylated, then oxyalkylated. (23) U Olefinated. (24) AU Acylated, then olefinated. (25) KU Alkylated, then olefinated. (26) KUX Salt or quaternary of (25).

USE AS A CHELATING AGENT This phase of the invention relates to the use of the compounds of our invention as chelating agents and to the chelates thus formed.

Chelation is a term applied to designate cyclic structures arising from the combination of metallic atoms with organic or inorganic molecules or ions. Chelates are very important industrially because one of the unusual features of the chelate ring compounds is their unusual stability in which respect they resemble the aromatic rings of organic chemistry. Because of the great aifinity of chelating compounds for metals and because of the great stability of the chelates they form, they are very important industrially.

The compositions of this invention are excellent chelating agents. They are particularly suitable for forming chelates of great stability with a wide variety of metals.

Chelating metals comprise magnesium, aluminum, arsenic, antimony, chromium, iron, cobalt, nickel, palladium, and platinum. Particularly preferred of such metals as chelate constituents are iron, nickel, copper and cobalt.

The chelates formed from the compositions of our invention are useful as bactericidal and fungicidal agents, particularly in the case of the copper chelates. In addition the chelates can be employed to stabilize hydrocarbon oils against the deleterious effects of oxidation.

In general, these chelates are prepared by adding a sufficient amount of a metal salt to combine with a compound of this invention. They are prepared by the general method described in detail by Hunter and Marriott in the Journal of the Chemical Society (London), 1937, 2000, which relates to the formation of chelates from metal ions and salicylidene imines.

The following examples are illustrative of the preparation of the chelates.

Example 8-A To a solution of 0.1 mole of the chelating agent of Example 8-A in alcohol is added 0.1 mole of cupric acetate monohydrate. After most of the alcohol is evaporated, a green solid precipitates which analysis indicates to be the copper chelate.

Example 6-K;

The above procedure is used except the cobaltous acetate tetrahydrate is employed to yield a red solid which analysis indicates to be the cobaltous chelate.

Example 4A C The above procedure is used except that nickelous acetate, Ni(AC) .4H O is employed. A dark green product is formed.

To save repetitive detail, chelates are formed from the above nickel, cobalt and copper salts, and the compounds shown in the following table.

CHELATING AGENTS USE IN TREATING WATER INTRODUCED INTO UNDERGROUND FORMATIONS This phase of our invention relates to the use of the compositions of this invention in treating water introduced into underground formations, for example, in disposal wells and in the recovery of petroleum from subterranean formations in water flooding operations.

The technique of water flooding to recover oil from depleted oil fields is well known. In general, such process consists in introducing an aqueous medium mto one or more injection Wells, which penetrate a depleted oil-producing formation, and forcing said medium through the formation towards a production well, which likewise penetrates the formation. In the so-called fivespot drive, the aqueous medium is forced down four injection wells which are more or less symmetrically located around a producing well. As the flooding medium passes through the formation it strips or flushes the residual oil therefrom and carries it into the producing well from which it is recovered by conventional means. The flooding medium usually comprises water or oil field brine to which has been added various conditioning materials, e.g., surface active agents or detergents which promote the desorption of the residual oil from the formation, sequestering agents which prevent the deposition of calcium and/ or magnesium compounds in the interstices of the formation, bactericides which prevent the formation from becoming plugged by bacterial or algae growth, corrosion inhibitors which prevent corrosion of the metallic well equipment and the consequent deposition of corrosion products in the formation, etc. Thus, while the process is usually termed water flooding the flooding medium in fact constitutes a rather complex composition containing a variety of conditioning agents. It is not uncommon to include as many as 4 or 5 different agents of various types in the flooding medium. Such use of a plurality of agents, however, adds substantially to the cost of the process and in many instances it is found that such agents interfere with one another.

Many advantages are realized with the use of our compounds in a flooding process in which the flooding medium comprises an aqueous solution of the compounds of this invention. In addition to their surface active properties, these agents have anti-corrosive and strong bactericidal action and do not precipitate alkaline-earth metal salts. Furthermore, these agents display a minimum tendency to become adsorbed on solid surfaces so that when employed in aqueous flooding media, a minimum amount thereof is lost from the solution by adsorption on the matrix of the formation.

In carrying out the present process, the flooding operation is effected in the conventional manner except that the flooding medium comprises an aqueous solution of the compounds of this invention. The concentration of the latter in the flooding medium can be about 500 parts per million or greater and in many cases may be as low as 2 parts per million, depending upon the particular compound employed, the nature of the formation being subjected to flooding, and the degree of bacteria control required. -In a typical five-spot flooding operation, oil field brine containing 50 parts per million of the compound is introduced at a rate of about 450 bbls. per day into each of the four input wells under a pressure suflicient to force said solution into the formation and drive it therethrough towards the centrally local output well. The operation can be continued over long periods of time without requiring any substantial increase in the pressure to force the flooding medium through the formation, thus demonstrating that no substantial plugging of the formation occurs either by precipitation of alkaline-earth metal salts or by bacterial growth.

While the flooding media employed in accordance with the present invention comprise only water or oil field brine and one or more of the herein described agents, they may also comprise additional corrosion inhibitors, tracers, supplemental bactericides, and the like. Similarly, they may be employed in conjunction with any of the operating techniques commonly applied to Water flooding processes and in conjunction with other secondary recovery methods.

Other modes of applying the principle of our invention may be employed instead of those explained, change being made as regards the methods or materials employed, provided the step or steps stated by any of the following claims, or the equivalent of such stated step or steps, be employed.

-In addition the compositions of this invention can also be used in water disposal wells.

This phase of the invention provides a simple and economical method for solving some of the diflicult problems heretofore encountered in disposing of unwanted Water. In many oil fields large volumes of Water are produced and must be disposed of where water flooding operations are not in use or where water flooding operations cannot handle the amount of produced water. Most states have laws restricting pollution of streams and/or land with produced waters and oil producers must then find some method of disposing of the waste produced salt water. In many instances therefore, the salt water is disposed of by injecting the water into permeable low-pressure strata below the fresh water level. The formation into which the water is injected is not the oil producing formation and this type of disposal is defined as salt water disposal or Waste Water disposal. The problems of plugging of the formation and corrosion of equipment are analogous to those encountered in the secondary recovery operation by water flooding.

The following examples are presented to illustrate the present invention.

Example A brine solution of compound 1-O A in the table listed below is employed in a 5 spot flooding operation in the ratio of 50 ppm. in the brine. Compound l-O A is added to the brine by means of a proportioning pump so that this ratio is obtained. The solution is forced int-o each injection well at the rate of about 350-400 lbs. per day. The injected water is taken up by the format-ion at such a rate that little, if any, increase of pressure is required during the week of operation during which the compound is used, thus indicating that little, if any, plugging occurs. The oil pumped from the production well is separated and the water is returned to the storage reservoir where it is used again in a similar manner. This compound also exhibits corrosion protection. The compounds shown in the table exhibit similar results when employed in similar water flooding and in water disposal operations.

USE IN TREATING WATER INTRODUCED I NTO UNDERGROUND FORMAT-IONS 34- USE IN TREATING WATER INTRODUCED INTO UNDERGROUND FORMATIONS USE IN INCREASING PRODUCTION OF PETRO- LEUM OIL iFRO M SILICE'OUS STRATA I-N PRI- MARY OIL OPERATIONS This phase of our invention relates to the use of the compounds of our invention in treating sandy or siliceous geological formations or strata penetrated by the surrounding oil well bores or cavities to render such formations preferentially wettable by oil so as to increase the proportion of oil and decrease the proportion of water produced by a given well.

Such alteration in ratio of fluid volumes produced may accomplish any one of a number of specific results which vary with local conditions. In some instances wells can be converted from unproductive wells to productive wells; i.e., strata which would not otherwise justify commercial exploitation can be operated on a sound basis. In some cases treatment of the kind herein contemplated will cause a productive well to yield an even greater output of crude oil, i.e., increase its productivity. Furthermore, not only does such treatment involve a change in the rate at which oil may be produced but also it may yield a greater total output of oil from a particular well, cavity or formation volume, that would be otherwise possible. In other words, such treatment not only aflects current rate of production but also the entire volume of oil produced during the life of the well.

Chemical treatment of an oil Well of the kind herein described may not only accomplish one or more of the results or objects above mentioned; but also it will reduce current lifting charges due to the fact that a greater amount of water is left behind in the strata when the final depletion stage is reached. Additional objects are obvious; to wit, in many instances objectionable operating conditions, such as corrosion, emulsion formation, etc., may be decreased or eliminated, due to the lesser amount of water produced per barrel of oil.

This phase of our invention relates to the use of the compounds of our invention to impart oil Wettability to sandy or siliceous strata and produce the above advantages. In its broadest aspect, the present invention is concerned with the application of the described agents in any suitable or feasible manner.

It is generally recognized that sand is more readily wet by water than by oils. As a result, the encroachment of water into oil-bearing sand formations is greatly favored by the forces of capillary attraction. Such encroachment results finally in the breaking through" or rising of water into the well bore. Water is then produced along with the oil. In addition, water decreases the production of oil, since its presence in capillary channels blocks the flow of oil which would otherwise occur through these channels. This effect is particularly objectionable when it occurs at the face of the bore hole and in its immediate vicinity as the rate and volume of oil production appears to be highly dependent upon the area of oil permeable formation exposed to the open hole.

In a preferentially water-wettable capillary system, such as is formed by ordinary sand formations, water is strongly held and its displacement by oil is opposed by the force of the interfacial tension at the oil-water interface. The treating process of the present invention changes the sand formation to one preferentially wet by oil with the result that the force of interfacial tension at the oil-water interface then favors the displacement of water by oil in the capillary system, or, conversely, opposes the displacement of oil by water.

In practicing our process, the sand formation is treated by pumping a solution of the reagent into the formation and allowing it to remain sufiiciently long for adsorption on the sand grains to occur. The reagent may be put into solution as such or in the form of salt such as the chloride, phosphate, acetate, sulfate, or other salt which is sufficiently soluble in the solvent used. Some compounds of this invention are rather insoluble in water, and, therefore, their salts are used when water is chosen as the solvent. However, in non-aqueous or oil solvents such as alcohols, kerosene, and crude oil, they are often sufliciently soluble to be employed directly.

The reagents used in the present process are effective in very dilute solutions, such as 0.01% by weight or even less and may be employed in such dilution. In many instances, the effectiveness of a solution containing a few hundredths of a percent of a selected agent can be demonstrated readily by immersing an absolutely clean water-wettable silica plate about the size of a microscopic slide in such very dilute solution of the selected compound and agitating gently for a short period of time, for instance, a few minutes to a few hours, and then noting that the silica plate surfaces have been converted from a hydrophile state to a definitely hydrophobe state. However, we prefer to use stronger solutions in order that appreciable amounts of treating reagent may be introduced into the formation without the handling of inconveniently large volumes of solution and without added cost due to labor, shutdown time, etc. The usual concentrations of reagent employed in solution are from 1% to about 25% by weight. In certain instances even more concentrated solutions may be employed.

In the most desirable solutions, we prefer to use, roughly speaking, 20% by weight of these compounds. Such solutions also have solvent and emulsifying power for both water and oil, and thus are effective in removing water or oil sheaths surrounding the sand grains of the formation being treated, thereby putting the grains into immediate contact with the treating solution. The solutions which we prefer to employ are characterized by the fact that, in addition to the treating reagent, they contain water, an oil, and an alcohol. 'It is a remarkable fact that mixtures of this kind can be found which, in the proper proportions, are perfectly clear and homogeneous. The stability of these solutions appears to arise partly from the presence of the actual treating reagents, which, because of their structure, probably act in a manner analogous to ordinary soaps insofar as their solubilizing power is concerned.

The alcohols which can be used in preparing our preferred treating solutions are those containing three or more carbon atoms and less than 30 carbon atoms, and may be either primary, secondary, or tertiary. Those most widely applicable are the primary and secondary aliphatic, alicyclic, mixed aliphatic-alicyclic, and aliphatic ether alcohols containing from four to 10 carbon atoms and including such alcohols as n-butanol, Z-butanol, 2- ethyl hexanol, n-hexanol, cyelohexanol, ethylene glycol monobutyl ether, diethylene glycol monoamyl ether, a terpineol, furfuryl alcohol, oxidized pine oil, rosin oil, and the like. The choice of proper alcohol and its proportion in the mixture depends somewhat upon the treating reagent used, the amount and kind of oil employed, and the proportion of water used and is best determined by preparing experimental mixtures on a small scale. Various representative formulae will subsequently be given.

The oils which can be used in preparing our preferred treating solutions are the liquid, water-insoluble hydrocarbons and chlorinated hydrocarbons, and preferably those which have high solvent power for crude oils. Examples of suitable oils are: kerosene, gasoline, benzol, carbon tetrachloride, dichlorethane, xylene, turpentine, pressure distillate, amylene dichloride, and the like. Crude oil itself may be used in some instances.

As examples of the preferred types of treating solutions to be used in the present process, the following formulae are present wherein proportions are by weight:

Treating solution #1 Percent Active compound 10 to 14 n-Butanol 18 to 14 Water 38 to 42 Kerosene 34 to 30 The sand surfaces treated by the present process show a strong affinity for non-polar materials such as oil, asphalt, bitumen, and the like. In some instances, it is advantageous to follow our treating process with a treatment with an asphalt or bitumen solution. When this is done, the sand becomes covered with a uniform adsorbed layer of the asphalt or bitumen which tends to protect the under layer of adsorbed compounds and renders the surface even more water-repellent. However, this after-treatment can often be eliminated and the same effect be obtained by incorporating asphalt or bitumen in the original treating solution. If the original treating solution consists of an oil solution, the asphalt or bitumen is simply dissolved in the oil with the treating reagent. With homogeneous solutions of the kind described in the above examples, the asphalt or bitumen is dissolved in the oil used in preparing the solution, and this is then mixed with the other ingredients. By proper choice of proportions of ingredients, clear, homogeneous mixtures are obtainable. Below is an example of a treating solution incorporating asphalt as one of the constituents:

Treating solution #2 Percent Active compound 12 to 13 n-Butanol 17 to 18 Kerosene 28 to 22 High melting asphalt 1 Water 42 to 46 The compounds used in our process are apparently capable of forming association complexes with long chain aliphatic alcohols, which complexes are more soluble in hydrocarbon oils than the original compounds. Solutions containing such long chain alcohols are suitable for treating sand to make it preferentially oil-wettable and in some instances appear to improve the water repellent properties of the adsorbed film. Long chain alcohols can be incorporated in an oil solution of the treating reagent or into solutions of the type previously described, in which case the final treating solution may contain two different alcohols, one of high molecular weight, and one of lower molecular weight, as illustrated by the following:

Treating solution #3 Percent Active compound 11 to 10 n-Butanol 17 to 16 Cetyl alcohol 9 to 5 Kerosene 21 to 28 Water 42 to 41 amples of these solutions are as follows:

Treating solution #4 Percent Active compound 1 Water 99 Example This example illustrates a procedure for carrying out the process of this phase of the present invention on a typical oil well producing from a sand formation and equipped with the usual casing and tubing. If the well is producing water, it is well to determine from what portion of the formation it is coming, as treatment may then be localized to this section with consequent savings in cost of reagent. The main source of water, if any, can often be located by pumping the well from various parts of the open hole which have been separated from the remainder by means of formation packers. After deciding from such tests which portion of the formation is to be treated, the tubing is packed so as to communicate with this section. The treating fluid, Treating Solution #1 above, wherein the active compound is Example 3 of the following table and which contains 14% of lO 14% of n-butanol, 42% water and 30% kerosene, is then run into the tubing and finally into the formation, pump pressure being applied if necessary to displace it into the sand. In this case pump pressure is required. The amount of solution required will depend upon the amount of open formation being treated but usually will vary from about 4 to about 100 bands. In this case 2.5 barrels are employed when all of the solution has been introduced into the tubing, crude oil is then pumped in after it to act as a piston to drive the solution back into the formation. The oil is pumped in slowly so that the treating solution will be in contact with the formation particles for at least a few seconds. Adsorption from the solution occurs very rapidly, however. As more oil is introduced, the treating solution is gradual- 1y pushed farther and farther into the formation. Finally all of the solution will have entered the sand and the crude oil will begin to penetrate the treated portions, thus immediately saturating the capillaries with oil which now adheres strongly to the sand surfaces. On being pushed further into the formation, the treating solution eventually becomes spent due to adsorption of the active ingredients and dilution with the formation fluids. The amount of crude oil pumped into the formation behind the treating solution preferably is at least equal the volume of treating solution used and the use of even larger volumes is desirable, since it insures deep penetration of the treating fluid and thorough oil saturation of treated capillaries immediately surrounding the bore hole.

Following treatment, the well is kept shut in for a few hours, after which it is put back in production.

In carrying out our process, it is not necessary to take precautions against the treating solution entering the oil producing portions of the formation, as no plugging precipitates are formed. If desired, the use of a formation packer may be eliminated and the entire formation, both oil and water producing, may be treated. In some instances wells producing no water at all are treated in order to precent water encroachment.

The following examples are presented to illustrate how the composition of this invention can impart hydrophobic proper-ties to sand normally found in oil areas and thus act in the manner described in the above example.

Example Sand found in various oil drilling is contacted with various solutions prepared according to Treating Solution #1 wherein the active compound is one or more of those 38 shown in the following table. By such treatment the sand is rendered hydrophobic as contrasted with its previous hydrophilic condition.

USE IN INCREASING PRODUCTION OF PETRO- LEUM FROM SILICEOUS STRATA IN PRIMARY OIL OPERATIONS REMOVING MUD SHEATHS FROM OIL WELLS This phase of our invention relates to the use of the com-positions of our invention to remove from a well or from an oilor gas-bearing formation penetrated by a well, a substantially impervious, mud like sheathing or coating, resulting from the use of drilling fluids in the drilling operation or resulting from the presence in the hole, at some other time, of fluids capable of producing such sheaths. Such use increases the productivity of a well by providing a novel procedure for removing from the face of the producing formation various solids, such as natural clays, deposited thereon during drilling or subsequently. It makes possible the recovery of oil or other fluids from relatively shallow formations which were penetrated during the drilling to greater depths and which were mudded-oif by deposition of solids from the drilling fluid.

By the term modded-01f formation we mean a formation or stratum, the walls of which have been more or less effectively sealed by an impervious sheath of solids derived from the drilling fluid. Naturally-occurring clays are commonly used to prepare drilling fluids. In some cases, wells make their own mud, the formations encountered containing clay of such properties that it is unnecessary to import the ingredients for preparing the drilling fluids. Where natural clays are found deficient in one or more properties, they may be conditioned to improve their specific gravity characteristics, their viscosity, or their gel forming propensities by the addition of other materials. For example, weighting materials, such as barite or hematite, may be added; or bentonite may be used to improve the viscosity and gel-forming characteristics. In rarer cases, the drilling fluid may be prepared entirely from a weighting material such as barite, and a stabilizer, such as bentonite, in the total absence of naturally-occurring clays or muds. In this description we shall use the term mud to include drilling fluids of any and all of the foregoing types and the term is to be construed to apply to all of them with equal force.

The deleterious effects of drilling muds are of several kinds, the principal one being the deposition of mud sheaths on the face of the formation penetrated. While this deposition of a mud sheath is desirable in the upper portions of the hole, it is extremely undesirable when the producing horizon has been reached. It is also undesirable in the upper strata or portions of the hole when and if it later becomes necessary or desirable to test the productivity of such upper strata.

The problem thereby presented exists in wells drilled into high-pressure formations, as well as in wells penetrating low-pressure areas, and in partially or entirely depleted fcrmations. In semi-depleted fields, where formation pressures have declined to small values, the problem is most serious. There are numerous instances on record where, although wells have been drilled into proven producing horizons, no oil can be commercially produced at present; and where, unless some means is found to remove the sheaths, large reserves of oil will be lost.

Various mechanical means have been employed to remove the sheaths, with only partial success. Washing with water has been attempted, in many cases unsuccessfully. In the case of some oil wells previously washed unsuccessfully with water, application of our process has resulted in the removal of a large amount of mud, usually with very gratifying consequences as to increased productivity.

The process which consititutes this phase of the present invention may be practiced in various ways, and may be applied at various times in the life of a well. It may be applied immediately upon completion of the well, or even prior to completion. It may be used on wells during or upon depletion. It may be used on wells which, upon depletion of a lower formation, or upon the discovery that such deeper formations is unproductive, have been plugged back to higher formations previously disregarded in drilling and which may now be required to be explored. It may be used on wells which, because of the presence of such mud sheaths, have never been productive. Our process is also applicable to those cases where the sheaths result from mud introduced into a well subsequent to drilling, e.g., for the purpose of killing the well. It is also applicable to those comparatively rare cases where mud sheaths are deposited during cable-tool drilling.

In some instances, the mud used in drilling or reworking a well infiltrates to a greater or lesser depth into the natural formation where it sets up a barrier to productivity. The present process is applicable to the removal of mud solids occurring as such infiltrated mud sheaths or barriers.

The process constituting this phase of the present invention is not to be confused with any process designed to remove clogging deposits of wax, asphaltic materials, parafiin or the like from wells, or to prevent their deposition. Such deposits of organic materials constitute a recurring problem. On the contrary, once a mud sheath has been removed by means of the present process, it can seldom again constitute a problem in that well.

Our process includes the application of a compound of the kind described to a mud sheath, however produced, which exists in a well, e.g., on the walls of an oil-bearing formation, in such a manner that the relatively impervious sheath is removed and the well is rendered productive or the existing productivity thereof is increased.

In practice, the compounds of the present invention are dissolved in a suitable solvent, for example, water or a water-insoluble organic liquid which is capable of acting as an oil solvent. Depending on the choice of compound, the solubility may be expected to range from ready watersolubility in the free state to water-dispersibility. The salts, and specifically the acetates, generally show improved water-solubility; and we have obtained good results by using salt forms which possess appreciable watersolubility. One of the most common of the oil solvents is the aromatic fraction of petroleum distillates, which is quite generally found to disperse these compounds. Another is the fraction removed from distillates by application of the Edeleanu liquid sulfur dioxide extraction process, and which comprises aromatic and unsaturated com pounds. In somes cases, stove oil or similar petroleum distillate is usable. Oil solvents like carbon tetrachloride or carbon disulfide are usable, although their comparatively high cost militates against their use. Amylene dichloride is sometimes a desirable material for the present purpose, as are tetrachloromethane, tetraline, trichloroethylene, benzol and its homologues, cyclohexane, etc. This component of our reagent must be water-insoluble and must be an oil solvent. Otherwise, its selection is not limited, although it should be compatible with the other ingredient of our reagent. Naturally, its cost and availability will influence the selection. We prefer to use aromatic petroleum solvent since it is widely available reagent of low cost and has good properties for the present use.

We do not desire to be limited to any specific waterinsoluble organic liquid. All that is required is that it shall be capable of acting as an oil solvent. The choice of liquid employed, however, can be influenced in part by the bottom-hole temperatures expected to be encountered. The character of the oil being produced can also affect the choice, and the character of the mud used in drilling the well can also be important. The choice will frequently depend upon relative cost of solvents.

A mixture of organic liquids having the specific property of dissolving petroleum oil is veiy effective. One such mixture which we have employed contains benzol, toluol, carbon tetrachloride, tetralin and kerosene. These solvents are exactly those disclosed in Patent No. 2,153,589. The proportions of these solvents recited in said earlier patent are equally satisfactory for use in preparing the present reagents. Such proportions recited in said patent are: benzol, 35 lbs.; toluol, 15 lbs.; carbon tetrachloride, 16 lbs.; tetraline, 40 lbs.; and kerosene, 8 lbs.

To prepare our reagents, one simply mixes the two components (i.e., compounds of the present invention plus a suitable solvent) together in suitable porportions. The optimum proportion of each will vary depending upon its properties; but in general, the resulting mixture should be homogeneous.

Where an organic solvent is employed, the finished solution should produce a relatively stable aqueous dispersion in water. In cases where the two ingredients form thoroughly homogeneous mixtures, which, however, are not water-dispersible, transformation of the compounds of this invention into the salt form will sometimes render the solution water-dispersible. In such cases we have preferably employed acetic acid to effect the neutralization.

The reagents are preferably employed in the form of an aqueous dispersion or solution, although sometimes favorable results are obtained merely by introducing the undiluted compound or the compound dissolved in an organic solvent into the well whose productivity is to be improved. In some of such cases, undoubtedly, there is produced in the well bore, or in the formation, an aqueous 

1. A PROCESS FOR INJECTING WATER INTO AN UNDERGROUND FORMATION CHARACTERIZED BY EMPLOYING AN AQUEOUS SOLUTION OF A COMPOUND SELECTED FROM THE GROUP CONSISTING OF (I) A BRANCHED POLYALKYLENEPOLYAMINE CONTAINING AT LEAST THREE PRIMARY AMINO GROUPS AND AT LEAST ONE TERTIARY AMINO GROUP AND HAVING THE FROMULA 